Hi, I am try to make glass conductive with SnCl2 but it require lots of time. I use the pieces of 7-3 inch have this structure. | _____________________ | | == == | | _____________________ | <----------- A pot or iron | == == | |_______________________| Means that placing pieces of glass in pot by placing iorn nuts between them to saparate them. I have to remain placed the pot in fire for about 5 to 6 hours. Thats is only problem of time. Please guide me any other mathod to make glass conductive in the way that the visibility of glass should not be lossed. You can also guide about another site. Thanks in advance, Asad
210.56.18.14 Sat, 11 Jun 2005 02:37:34 +0000 (UTC) Hmmm- but 7:37 PST 11 Jun 2005 02:37:34 +0000 (UTC) That puts him pretty much somewhere between NYC and London.
Ah, conductive, transparent glass. First you need something conductive, like gold. But it also has to be transparent. I can sell you an 8oz bottle of my special "invisible gold" for only $599.95. Please send me a check or money order. When you receive the bottle it may look empty, but don't worry, it's there - just invisible. Sorry, I just had to say that! Really - this is a newsgroup for Cadence users (CAD tools for layout, simulation, etc.). We generally don't work with conductive glass here. I don't know which newsgroup you want, maybe material sciences or chemistry or something (if you're serious about this). Frank
http://www.cerac.com/pubs/cmn/Cmn15_1.HTM http://www.sermatech.com/coating/materialSerm_inorganicSEB/709.pdf http://www.canemco.com/catalog/sem/adhesive.htm http://www.teralab.co.uk/Experiments/Conductive_Glass/Conductive_Glass_Page1.htm learn to use Google. This experiment was inspired by an article by F. J Stone, which appeared in the November 1969 edition of Practical Electronics magazine. The availability of transparent conductive glass should make some interesting experiments possible, particularly with electro-optic devices. All that is required is a hot plate, some ordinary window glass, a glass cutter and some stannous chloride powder. I obtained 250g of stannous chloride powder through a local chemist. The stannous chloride powder must be kept in an air tight bottle because it is very hygroscopic (absorbs water) and as a result tends to form into solid lumps. It is important that this experiment is conducted well away from food and food preparation areas. Stannous chloride is harmful and contains tin which can cause tin poisoning. The vapour must not be inhaled. Once the hot plate has been used for this experiment, it should not be used for cooking food. There is also the obvious hazard of high temperatures which could cause burns or start a fire. First, the glass to be made conductive must be cleaned. I first clean it with toothpaste because it is a mild abrasive. I then wash it in warm soapy water, then isopropyl-alcohol and then distilled water. Finally I dry it with warm air. I place a rectangular sheet of aluminium on a normal electric cooking hot-plate. This one is a Criterion type 0318 which is 1500W. The type is not particularly important, but it needs to get up to around 400C. I use the aluminium sheet so that the glass is heated more evenly and can be lifted off with a large pair of pliers while it is still hot. It can then be placed in insulating glass wool to cool slowly. The glass to be made conductive is placed on the aluminium sheet. It is the top surface which will become conductive. This piece is 65mm by 103mm and 2mm thick. Two pieces of glass about 1cm square are then positioned on top of each other at each corner. Here I wanted a non-conductive region at one end, so I positioned a rectangular piece of glass as a mask and then two small pieces on top. A small pile of stannous chloride is then made between the two glass squares at the front. A second, slightly larger piece of glass is then placed on top to form a sandwich, with a 4mm air gap in the middle. This top piece of glass has been used several times before, which is why it is stained white and brown. The hot-plate is then turned up to full heat. The clips at the front of the aluminium plate are where I had a thermocouple attached to measure the temperature. At full heat, this hot-plate reaches 430C. As the stannous chloride is heated it goes through a number of distinct phases. First it liquefies as in the photograph below. Then it boils and turns back into a white powder. I think it is actually absorbed water which is boiling off at this point. When it gets much hotter, it turns into a liquid again and becomes slightly yellow. Finally, it starts to smoke. At this point I blow the vapour very gently through between the glass plates. I keep doing this until it stops smoking. When it has stopped smoking, I lift the aluminium sheet off the hot-plate and place it in a pile of glass wool to cool slowly. During my first attempt I allowed the glass to cool on the hot plate. It fractured violently during cooling and the two halves went in opposite directions. Burying it in thermally insulating glass wool allows it to anneal as it cools, relieving the stresses. The 1cm square glass separators and the top sheet of glass can be used many times. This is the glass after it has cooled. It is now conductive except for the rectangle at the back where it was masked. The area at the front where the stannous chloride was can be removed using a glass cutter. The central area measures about 1.1kO per centimeter with pointed probes. The conductive film is actually tin oxide and is even harder than the glass. It is well adhered and can not be scratched off. Lower resistance films are achievable by repeating the process. This picture should give an idea how transparent the conductive glass is. The glass covers the right hand area of the text. Modern conductive glass is often made using indium tin oxide, which provides high electrical conductivity and optical transparency.
Hi Dear, I have follow your link http://www.teralab.co.uk/Experiments/Experiments_Menu.htm. I am also performing the all process that is explained in this link. I do not blow the vapour through between the glass plates in my experiment. Could you please explain what is effact of blowing the vapour between the glass plates. I am using tin chloride as I can find it easily. But tin oxide or zinc oxide will work very batter I think. You can also guide me to make tin oxide or zinc oxide. It would be very batter if I succeed in making the tin oxide or zinc oxide Thanks in advance, Asad
Hi Dear, I have follow your link http://www.teralab.co.uk/Experiments/Experiments_Menu.htm. I am also performing the all process that is explained in this link. I do not blow the vapour through between the glass plates in my experiment. Could you please explain what is effact of blowing the vapour between the glass plates. I am using tin chloride as I can find it easily. But tin oxide or zinc oxide will work very batter I think. You can also guide me to make tin oxide or zinc oxide. It would be very batter if I succeed in making the tin oxide or zinc oxide Thanks in advance, Asad
you go buy it from a chemical supplier in India or someplace or your local granite polishing shop. Zinc oxide is a semiconductor with a direct band gap of 3.2 eV (387 nm, deep violet/borderline UV). A common application is in gas sensors. As of 2003, it has been utilized in recent research to build blue LEDs and transparent TFTs. N-type doped films are often used in thin film technology, where zinc oxide serves as a TCO (transparent conducting oxide). N-type doping is possible by introduction of alumninum or by oxygen defects. Thin-film solar cells, LCD and flat panel displays are typical applications of this material. Zinc oxide is transparent and conductive, and can therefore be used as a transparent electrode. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is another transparent conducting oxide often used in microelectronics. ZnO layers are mainly deposited by sputtering and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The latter method allows the growth of a rough layer, which can diffuse the incoming light by scattering, increasing the efficiency of solar cells. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide" http://www.azom.com/SearchResults.asp?MaterialKeyWord=Zinc+oxide Are you building a solar cell, self defrosting windows or what????? Researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films IST, Brunswick, Germany, have developed a process to produce transparent, electrically conductive oxide coatings, which could prove ideal for clearing frosted-over windscreens on cold winter mornings. In a unique approach, the researchers combined mid-frequency magnetron sputtering with a chemical reaction. The glass substrate is heated in a reactor and coated and then, in the course of magnetron sputtering, accelerated ions of inert gas 'shoot' atoms out of a zinc-aluminium plate. The metal atoms are deposited on the substrate in a vacuum. For this coating to become both electrically conductive and transparent, the zinc needs to be oxidised, so that the aluminium and zinc atoms bond together. 'We are now working to produce contacts for thin-film solar cells', comments Dr Bernd Szyszka of the IST. 'Transparent and electrically conductive coatings are also needed for flat monitor screens and electrically switchable window panes for buildings'. This brought about the idea for the windshields. 'A prerequisite for use of these coatings systems', Szyszka continues, 'is to convert the operating voltage for cars from 12 to 24 or even 42 volts' - a conversion that is expected over the next two to four years to improve the configuration of electronic systems in motor vehicles. Technically, the coatings can also function at low power, but manufacturing costs are then extremely high. With a higher voltage, thinner coatings suffice - which can be produced at substantially lower cost. The advantage of the IST process is that it is exceptionally stable in operation, and the coatings can be applied rapidly and inexpensively. The IST researchers are presently using an industrial scale plant to coat glass substrates of up to 0.6 to 1m in size. buy your nano particles here http://www.nanophase.com/catalog/index.asp?DEPARTMENT_ID=38 I am no chemist but I assume that the reason you blow the vapor between the glass plates is so that they are sufficiently coated. and Dude I hope you wear a respirator when you play with this stuff. I'd quite using the tin chloride if I were you. Zinc and tin oxide are much less toxic. Zinc is not considered to be toxic, but when freshly formed ZnO is inhaled a disorder known as the oxide shakes or zinc chills sometimes occurs. It is recommended that where zinc oxide is encountered good ventilation be provided to avoid concentration exceeding 5 mg/m^3, (time-weighted over an 8-hour exposure, 40-hour work week Zinc oxide is dirt cheap.
Hmm, I'm showing my age if I say I remember that article in that magazine... OK, I admit it, I do. If you really want to deposit a conductive layer on glass then you want to deposite indium tin oxide (ITO) which is transparent yet a low resistance (few tens of ohms IIRC) conductor. - Keith
